What Is Form 2290? The Heavy Highway Vehicle Use Tax Explained

Form 2290 is the IRS return for the Heavy Highway Vehicle Use Tax (HVUT) — an annual federal excise tax on highway motor vehicles with a taxable gross weight of 55,000 pounds or more. If you register a heavy vehicle in your name and use it on public highways, you file this form, pay the tax, and receive a stamped Schedule 1 as proof of payment. That stamped copy is what your state DMV requires to register the vehicle.

Everything below reflects the Instructions for Form 2290 (Rev. July 2026), covering the tax period that began July 1, 2026 and ends June 30, 2027.

Who must file Form 2290?

You must file if a taxable highway motor vehicle is registered, or required to be registered, in your name under state, District of Columbia, Canadian, or Mexican law at the time of its first use during the tax period, and it has a taxable gross weight of 55,000 pounds or more. You may be an individual, LLC, corporation, partnership, or any other type of organization, including nonprofits.

Three rules that decide who actually files:

• Dual registration. If a vehicle is registered to both the owner and another person, the owner is liable — and this also applies to leased vehicles.
• Dealers. A vehicle operated under a dealer’s tag, license, or permit counts as registered in the dealer’s name.
• Disregarded entities. QSubs and single-owner disregarded entities file under their own EIN, not the owner’s TIN.

Trucks, truck tractors, and buses are the typical taxable vehicles. Vans, pickups, and panel trucks generally aren’t, because they fall under 55,000 pounds.

When is Form 2290 due?

File by the last day of the month following the month of first use. For a vehicle in service in July, that means August 31. The deadline is not tied to your vehicle registration renewal date.

If you first use vehicles in more than one month, file a separate Form 2290 for each month. Driving a newly purchased truck home from the dealership counts as first taxable use. See our Form 2290 due dates guide for more scenarios.

How much is the tax?

For a full tax period the tax is $100 at 55,000 pounds, plus $22 for each additional 1,000 pounds, up to a maximum of $550 for vehicles at 75,000 pounds or more (category V). Logging vehicles pay reduced rates.

Vehicles first used after July pay a prorated amount based on the months remaining in the period, using the IRS partial-period tax tables. A category V vehicle first used in November, for example, owes $366.67 rather than $550. Full breakdown in our Form 2290 tax rates guide.

What is taxable gross weight?

Taxable gross weight is the total of three things: the actual unloaded weight of the vehicle fully equipped for service, the actual unloaded weight of any trailers or semitrailers customarily used with it, and the maximum load customarily carried on the vehicle and those trailers.

It is not simply the number on your registration — though registration matters. If your state requires a declared gross weight, your taxable gross weight can be no less than the highest weight declared in any state. For a bus, the calculation is different: actual unloaded weight fully equipped for service plus 150 pounds per seat for passengers and driver.

What is a suspended vehicle?

If you expect a vehicle to be used 5,000 miles or less on public highways during the period (7,500 miles or less for agricultural vehicles), you can claim suspension of the tax — category W. You still file Form 2290 and still receive a Schedule 1, but you owe no tax on that vehicle.

If it later exceeds the limit, the tax becomes due: figure it from the month of first use, check the Amended Return box, and file by the last day of the month after the limit was exceeded. The mileage limit applies to total mileage during the period regardless of how many owners the vehicle had.

Do I need an EIN?

Yes. You must have an Employer Identification Number to file Form 2290, and you cannot use your Social Security number. If you don’t have one, apply free at IRS.gov/EIN. Applicants with a foreign address can apply by phone.

A practical note from e-filing experience rather than the instructions: a newly issued EIN generally needs time to become usable in the IRS e-file system, and returns filed too soon after an EIN is issued are commonly rejected on a name/EIN match. If you have just obtained an EIN, allow time before e-filing.

What is the stamped Schedule 1?

Schedule 1 lists your vehicles by VIN. You file two copies; the second is stamped and returned as your proof of payment. E-filed returns receive a Schedule 1 with an IRS watermark, often within minutes of acceptance.

States require it to register a heavy vehicle, and U.S. Customs and Border Protection requires it to bring a Canadian or Mexican vehicle into the United States. Two exceptions worth knowing: if you apply for registration in July, August, or September, the previous period’s stamped Schedule 1 can serve as proof while you file the current one — and for a vehicle purchased within the last 60 days, a copy of the bill of sale can substitute, though you still must file and pay. More in our stamped Schedule 1 guide.

Do I have to e-file?

Electronic filing is required for each return reporting and paying tax on 25 or more vehicles. Suspended category W vehicles don’t count toward that 25, since no tax is paid on them. Below the threshold e-filing is optional but encouraged — a stamped Schedule 1 can be available within minutes of IRS acceptance, versus weeks by mail.

E-filing goes through a provider participating in the IRS e-file program for excise taxes; the IRS does not accept Form 2290 directly through its own website. See our guide to how to e-file Form 2290.

How do I pay?

Four methods: electronic funds withdrawal (direct debit) when e-filing, EFTPS, credit or debit card, or check/money order with Form 2290-V. The tax must be paid in full with the return. EFTPS requires prior enrollment, and payments must be submitted by 8:00 p.m. Eastern the day before the due date to count as on time.

Frequently asked questions

Is Form 2290 federal or state?
Federal — an excise tax paid to the IRS under Internal Revenue Code section 4481. Your state doesn’t collect it, but it does require your stamped Schedule 1 to register the vehicle.

Do I file every year?
Yes. Each tax period runs July 1 through June 30 and requires its own return.

I lease my truck — who files?
The owner is liable, including on dual-registered and leased vehicles.

What if I sell the truck mid-year?
If it was sold before June 1 and not used for the rest of the period, you can claim a credit on your next Form 2290 or a refund on Form 8849, Schedule 6. You must include the purchaser’s name and address with the claim. See refunds & credits.

Are any vehicles exempt?
Yes — vehicles operated by the federal government, states and local governments, the District of Columbia, the American National Red Cross, nonprofit volunteer fire departments and ambulance or rescue squads, qualifying Indian tribal governments, and certain mass transportation authorities. Qualified blood collector vehicles and certain mobile machinery are also exempt.

How long do I keep records?
At least three years after the tax is due or paid, whichever is later — including for suspended vehicles.

General information, not tax advice. Verified against the Instructions for Form 2290 (Rev. July 2026). Confirm details against current IRS guidance or consult a qualified tax professional. See our disclaimer and editorial standards.